Chapter 8-12 TFY MindMaps

Chapter 13 - 14 CRCB MindMaps

Chapter 9-12 CRCB MindMaps

Chapter 8 CRCB MindMaps

TFY Chapter 10-12 Exercises

Chapter 10

Fallacies:

What’s a Faulty Argument?

Chapter Quiz

Identify the following arguments either as NF for not fallacious or by the types of fallacious arguments indicated for each section. In some cases, you may find that more than one fallacy applies; choose the one you feel to be the most appropriate. Be prepared to defend your answers.

Part I

In this section, look for arguments that are Misapplied Euphemisms, Band Wagon, Appeal to Fear, and Nonfallacious.

1. It was announced today that our troops, who have been shelled for some weeks now in Lebanon, have made a strategic transfer to their ships offshore of that country. ME
2. In China, Europe, and Brazil, efforts are being made to control the population growth that adds one billion people to the planet every decade. NF
3. “Africa, the birthplace of humankind, provides a disturbing clue to our future. As I fly across areas that were forests just years ago and see them becoming desert, I worry. Too many people crowd this continent, so poor they strip the land for food and wood for fuel. The subject of my life’s work and our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas are slaughtered for food or captured for the live-animal trade. Pollution of air, land, and water abounds.” NF
4. Five million people have already seen this movie. Shouldn’t you? BW
5. Why do I think the president’s program is sound? It is sound because the polls show that the vast majority supports it. BW
6. By a margin of two to one, shoppers prefer Brand X to any of the leading competitors. Reason enough to buy Brand X. BW
7. What if your bank fails and takes your life savings? Buy diamonds-the safe investment. AF
8. There is virtually no tar in these cigarettes. ME
9. It has been estimated that illegal aliens are costing our taxpayers in excess of $5 billion a year. Should our senior citizens be denied full health care benefits, should our children suffer overcrowded classrooms in order to subsidize the costs of illegal aliens? AF
10. There are plenty of people out there on the streets waiting to get your job. If you go on strike, you may find yourself out there with them. AF
11. The natural way to relieve muscular pain is through our vitamin ointment. It relieves pain from burns, stiff neck, backache, swelling, and so forth. ME

Chapter 11

Exercise

Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies

Chapter Quiz

Rate the following statements as true or false. If you decide the statement is false, then revise the statement to make it a true one.

1. Inductive reasoning is also known as the scientific method. T
2. You are out swimming in the ocean and you see some fish with prominent sharp teeth swimming around you. You know that some fish with sharp teeth are predatory. You take off without waiting around to see if they might harm you. Your decision is based on analogous reasoning. T
3. You could use inductive reasoning to put together a picture puzzle if all the pieces were available, even if there were no box cover to show what the whole picture would look like when it was finished. T
4. There is a contest to guess how many gumballs are in a jar. You can use inductive reasoning to figure this out. T
5. Inductive reasoning could help you cook a new dish by carefully following instructions from a cookbook. F
6. Inductive reasoning can extrapolate reliable predictions from only one or two examples of a phenomenon.
7. Counterexamples can test or refute theories or generalizations. T
8. A hypothesis is a theory that can lead to new facts and discoveries, but the hypothesis itself is not a certainty. T
9. Statistical evidence is always reliable regardless of the attitudes of the people who research and present the information. F

Chapter 12

Deductive Reasoning: How Do I Reason from Premises?

Exercise

Chapter Quiz

1. A premise is a reason given to support a conclusion. T
2. Syllogisms are used in logic because logicians like to make their knowledge arcane, or hidden and secret. F
3. Logic is less concerned with truth than with whether one statement follows reasonably from another. T
4. Reasoning occurs only in deduction – not in induction. F
5. A generalization reached through induction can become a premise used in a deductive syllogism. T
6. “All homeowners are taxpayers. He is a property owner. Therefore, he is a taxpayer.” This is a valid argument. T
7. “Bloodletting reduces fever. This patient has fever. This patient needs bloodletting.” This syllogism shows valid reasoning although both premises may not be true. T
8. “White-skinned people are superior to dark-skinned people. Therefore, it is the manifest destiny of white-skinned people to rule dark-skinned people.” No country would ever accept such fallacious reasoning as this. F

State whether the reasoning in each of the following syllogisms is correct or incorrect:

9. “If the two parties agree, then there is no strike. The two parties agree.

Therefore, there is no strike. Correct

10. “If the two parties agree, then there is no strike.

There is no strike. Incorrect

Therefore, the two parties agree.

11. “If the two parties agree, then there is no strike.

The two parties do not agree. Incorrect

Therefore, the two parties do not agree.

12. “If the two parties agree, then there is no strike.

There is a strike. Correct

Therefore, the two parties do not agree.

Chapter 14 CRCB MindMap

Chapter 14 Exercise - Post Test

Post Test
Part I
1. Match the words

1. Rubric - A type of chart used to evaluate a product or process.
2. HTML - - The computer language of the WWW.
3. 2RCA - A mnemonic used to remember the seven-step website evaluation.
4. WWW - Countless networks of computers that are connected.
5. Internet - A visual component of the Internet, which can include pitures, sound, video clips, and more.

2. An "open-minded skeptic" refers to someone
a. Who does not accept everything read as truth but is willing to consider an research questionable information.

3. Which of the seven steps of the Internet source evaluation system is missing from this list: know your purpose; evaluate the look and content; know the intendded audience; evaluate the writing; compare content to what you already know; double-check your facts and sources.
c. Consider the source

4. Which of the following is not a reason to use a rubric?
d. To determine if you will receive a good grade on your research paper.

5. If information is relevant, it is
b. Related to the topic you are researching.


SUMMARY CHAPTER 14 CRCB

One must be an "open-minded skeptic" when considering internet sources. The seven-step internet source evaluation system is best remembered by using the mnemonic 2RCA, Relevancy, Reliability, Credibility and Accuracy. The seven steps are (1) know your purpose, (2) double-check facts and sources, (3) Consider the source, (4) Evaluate content, (5) determine intended audience, (6) evaluate the writing and lastly, (7) Use what you already know.

Chapter 11 MindMap

Chapter 13 CRCB MindMap

Chapter 13 CRCB Summary

Benjamin Bloom was well known for "Bloom's Taxonomy". It lists the six levels of thinking teachers use in testing their students. Critical reading involves asking and answering questions at these six levels. The levels are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

Chapter 13 CRCB Exercise 13a

Knowledge Level Questions

Read each question and choose the best answer from the choices given.

1. What example is used to illustrate an inappropriate way of disagreeing with another group member?
b. Your proposal is the work of a fool with one eye and half a brain.

2. Which of the following is not a rule of proactive conflict management?
c. Employees with the most seniority are best at making a decision that affects us all.

3. According to the excerpt, why is conflict constructive?
a. Because every person has the right to disagree, if necessary.

Chapter 12 CRCB Summary

Arguments have at least one conclusion and one reason. A way to look for the argument is through word clues. The two types of arguments are deductive and inductive. Arguments can be evaluated by determining dependability and distinguishing fact from opinion. Another way of evaluating them is by detecting fallacies. Some examples of fallacies are Hasty Generalization, Red Herring, False Cause, Slippery Slope, Ad Hominem and Circular Reasoning.

Chapter 12 CRCB MindMap

Chapter 12 CRCB Exercise 12K

Chapter 12
Critical Reading for College and Beyond
Exercise 12k

Detecting Fallacies

Read the following arguments and determine if they contain a fallacy or error in reasoning; if so, identify what kind it is. The first one is modeled for you.

1. If you don’t get good grades, you’ll never get to college.

If you don’t get into college, you’ll never get a job.
Therefore, you’ll end up a homeless person in some major city.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited?
Slippery slope (an event will precipitously lead to another event, which will lead to another event, and so on.)

2. Flowers are so beautiful in the springtime.
The air seems cleaner and the grass seems greener.
In my opinion, there is something so rejuvenating about the onset of spring.
Error in reasoning? None
If so, which fallacy was commited?

3. The doctor said that I could either stick to his diet plan, or accept being overweight.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? Either/Or (allows for only two answers to a problem when in fact there may be more)

4. Ima Geeke, mayoral candidate, suggest changing several local laws. She believes that the laws need to be more reflective of the times. She’s just a generation X’er; what does she know?
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? Ad Hominem (they avoid the true issue by attacking the person they disagree with)

5. Every student who earns a 3.0 grad point average or higher is eligible for the Lah D. Dah scholarship. I have a 3.2 GPA. If I apply, I could get the scholarship.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? Circular Reasoning (make two statements that essentially say the same thing)

6. If I go to the casino with Andy, I know that I’ll win money.
The first time I went to the casino with Andy, I won $10.
The second time, I won $50.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? False Claim (fails to explain how the conclusion and reasons are connected to each other, or provides unclear or faulty connections)

7. Judy gave an outstanding presentation in class today, and I admit that she seems like a good candidate for student council. But I am leery of someone whose parents support euthanasia.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? Red Herring (introduce irrelevant material to distract readers) or Ad Hominem ( avoid the true issue of an argument by attacking)

8. It’s easy to prove that Santa Claus exists. Most people do believe in Santa, even if they are not able to define exactly what they mean in the same way. To some it means a real person living in the North Pole. To some it’s a spirit of giving, a supernatural force. And to others, he’s a saint. But setting aside the differences in these interpretations, we can be confident that there is a Santa because Santa would not cause so many people to believe in him if he did not exist.
Error in reasoning? No
If so, which fallacy was commited?

9. I’m not bringing my brother to the Rangers’ football games anmore. Every time I bring him, the team loses.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? False Cause

10. May Aspirin will help relieve headaches because May Aspirin contains a secret new ingredient, which serves to increase the strength of relief it provides. What is the secret ingredient? It is an ingredient that has the ability to provide relief from headaches. So buy May Aspirin and get relief from your headaches.
Error in reasoning? Yes
If so, which fallacy was commited? Circular